Steps to Writing a Grant Proposal Essay - 1346 Words

Steps to writing a grant proposal HSM270 September 11, 2011 Shelley Johnson-Gildwarg Steps to writing a grant proposal When writing a grant proposal there are many of different areas that need to be covered in the proposal. The proposal needs to have 11 different sections. These sections are: 1. Abstract—45 lines max. 2. Table of Contents—2 pages max. 3. Specific Aims (Needs/Problems, Working Hypothesis, Objectives, Interventions, etc.)—3 pages max. 4. Target Populations—2 pages max. 5. Approaches and Methods (Project Goals and Objectives, Activities, Time Line, etc.)—6 pages max. 6. Evaluation Plan—3 pages max. 7. Agency Capacity and Project Management—3 pages max. 9. Budget and Budget Justification—3 pages max. 10.†¦show more content†¦When writing the Needs/Problem Statement they must be careful they are not â€Å"preaching to the choir.† Most funders are already somewhat aware of the problems in the community. Instead of telling the funder what they already know (where they are coming from) they may try to inform them what approach they are going to take to help provide the community an end to the problem. The Literature Review is vital to the process as it provides objective support data and rationales for the arguments in the proposal and the development of the interventions. It is a well-developed review of relevant information from creditable sources to lean support to the approaches presented in the proposal. The writer needs to briefly identify why their Target Population(s) should be funded when another group or population whom may be equally at need should not be funded. What makes their target population stick out and be better suited for the funding? Approaches and Methods are often referred to as goals and objectives, and activities and timelines by some funding agencies. This part of the proposal contains a lot of information so the writer should start off with a summary. It is important to reach the target population as if they do not the proposal would be worthless. The Vision, Mission, Goals, Objectives, Activities, and tasks are the terms program planners use. These terms can also confuseShow MoreRelatedSteps to Writing a Grant Proposal1257 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Steps to Writing a Grant Proposal Section One: Grant Proposal Writing For all organizations funding can be an issue. Depending if the organization is for profit, they depend on loans and revenue to support them, building inventory, and expanding. While non-profits depend on grants and donations to keep their organizations running. The most important with non-profits is writing grant proposals to keep the financial aspects of the organization intact. Human services need to take great care inRead MoreSteps to Writing a Grant Proposal1118 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Steps to Writing a Grant Proposal August 9, 2013 Programming Planning and Grant Proposal Writing in Human Services A grant proposal for human services is a written presentation of a program plan. This plan details how the applicant will approach the identified needs or problem with their proposed course of actions. The narrative section of a grant proposal usually includes the following sections: abstract, table of contents, specific aims/backgroundRead MoreApplication For An Expert Grant Writer1342 Words   |  6 PagesBasically, a proposal refers to the application managers used to request funding. The applications are published by the government funding, charitable organizations, agencies, businesses and other individuals. Indeed, a grant proposal writer should pursue the sponsor’s intention. An expert grant writer requires knowledge in various areas. Proposal writing skills are critical in an organization, an excellent grant writer should able to make a good research and connect the grant’s elements. The elementsRead MoreProject Management Of The Project1246 Words   |  5 P agesThe proposal writing process is multifaceted, encompassing both the actual submission of a request for proposal as well as the management of the implementation of received funds. Through class lectures and assigned readings, we’ve discussed the various aspects that make up the process of grant writing. Through this essay, I will explain this process as it leads up the management of the project once funded. Furthermore, this essay will explain how to ensure that the proposal submitted addresses keyRead MoreMadison Childrens Hospital Essay951 Words   |  4 PagesMadison Children’s Hospital Sandie Hood University Of Phoenix The outline for grant proposal should consist of the following things. I. Title II. Summary/Abstract should not be more than 100 words. III. 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As outlined by Ms. Ciara Azam who was a researcher in the field of nanotechnology, these are three components of research which rely wholly on writing at some point in their production, each of which were vital to her working effectively with her team. They are, writing formal proposals, taking lab notes, and publishing papers. These three tasks happen in chronological order, whichRead MoreEssay on Investigative Report916 Words   |  4 PagesInvestigative Report Date: August 31, 2012 To: Professor Ashley Hudson From: Tamara L. Thomas Re: Public VS Private Grant Sources In the investigative research reports there were two sources for grants and funding. The first source was the federal wire website and the other foundation center website. Both sites are very great sources for both public and private grant information data reservoirs. In this investigative it will show the overall benefits for individual and organizational purposesRead MoreProgram Planning Program Evaluation; Peace Domestic Violence Agency1087 Words   |  5 Pagesstudy, goal-based analysis, process outcome analysis etc. All these analyses are aimed how accurately we can collect and understand the data related to our program. There are a number of parties who will use program evaluation report – core team, grant organization, other social groups for case study etc. There are also a number of benefits of a program evaluation, such as verification of impact of products and services on customers, improve the delivery mechanism, analyze by comparing what we areRead MoreHow to pr epare a good research proposal1552 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿How to prepare a good research proposal When applying for a research grant or a study scholarship, you are expected to hand in a detailed and precise description of study or research proposal as well as information on any previous study or research projects of particular relevance to a decision of award. The purpose of the proposal is to ensure that the candidates have done sufficient preliminary reading/research   in the area of their interest that they have thought about the issues involved

Coco Chanel - 1452 Words

People often ask me, When did you first become interested in Coco Chanel? and if Im honest, I was fascinated long before I started researching her biography more than a decade ago, all the way back to my earliest memories in childhood. For there on top of my mothers dressing table stood a bottle of Chanel No. 5, beyond my reach but not out of sight, and I knew from the moment I began to discern its mysterious letters and number that there was something magical to the black-and-white cipher. Im not alone in that discovery -- Chanel has come to represent the essence of everywoman, whether in the scent of her perfume or her choice of bold red lipstick or the perfect little black dress -- but the story of Coco feels somehow entwined with†¦show more content†¦But much else was hidden away, hundreds of miles from Rue Cambon, at Aubazine, a remote 12th-century Cistercian abbey high in the hills of the Corrà ¨ze, where Gabrielle was shaped by the nuns who raised her. Chanel never a dmitted to her years at Aubazine, where she lived from the age of 11 to 18, in an orphanage run by the sisters of the Congregation of the Sacred Heart of Mary. Her father, a feckless peddler always on the run from his family, left his three daughters there after the death of their mother from TB and disappeared forever. The nuns who still live at Aubazine are more concerned with the worship of God than the antecedents of fashion, yet they were kind enough to allow me to visit them, on the understanding that I observed their rules of prayer and silence. Gabrielle came here with her two sisters in February 1895; I arrived at the same time of year, a bitterly cold season, when winter had not yet loosened its grip on the mountains (and I felt lost in the deep despair of a looming divorce). Only a handful of nuns remained, the orphans long since vanished, though their dormitories were untouched, the childrens iron beds lined against whitewashed walls hung with crucifixes. Here I walked, and here I sat, contemplating what it meant to be cast aside, not in the expectation of finding anShow MoreRelatedThe Fame of Coco Chanel629 Words   |  2 Pagesmany women to not eat nor breathe. That’s when Coco Chanel change everything for women, that made her career in the fashion industry go through the roof. Before Coco became an icon in the fashion industry, she was put in an orphanage ever since her dad had left her sister and her. Coco was then raised by nuns, which is where she was taught to sew, a skill will help her to fame. Though her name wasn’t always Coco, her birth name was Gabrielle Chanel. Her nickname came from her first job as a singerRead MoreCoco Chanel1043 Words   |  5 PagesGabrielle Chanel was born in the French town of Saumur on the 19th of August 1883. She was one of 5 children and when her mother died; her father couldn’t manage on his own so the girls went to an orphanage and the boys to work on a farm. Gabrielle s tayed at the orphanage and visited grandparents on holidays until 1900 when she moved in with them. She went to a local convent school with her aunt Adrienne who was almost the same age as Gabrielle, she remained a valued friend. Gabrielle and AdrienneRead MoreCoco Chanel Bibliography1186 Words   |  5 PagesCoco Chanel At the start of the twentieth century, the idea of women in business seemed crazy. In those days, men held all the positions of power and made all the decisions about money. They believed that a woman’s place was in the home, looking after her children, cooking for her family and managing the house. If a woman needed to work she could perhaps find a job in a shop or in a factory, but she had no chance of working as a businesswoman or a banker or a lawyer. Women’s fashions in theRead MoreThe Making of Coco Chanel508 Words   |  2 PagesCoco Chanel was born on the 19th of August in 1883 in Sammur, France her parents giving her the name Gabrielle Bonheur Chanel. When Coco was around 12 her mother passed away this provoked her father to abandoned her and her 5 siblings, she and her sisters were sent to a convent for abandoned girls and her brothers were sent to work. The time she spent in the convent was a dark time therefor she didn’t like to speak of but she reflected in some of her pieces as she used the tones and shapes fromRead MoreCoco Chanel and Fashion Essay994 Words   |  4 Pages Coco Chanel, born Gabrielle Bonhuer Chanel, on August 19, 1883 in Saumur, France was an amazing woman who redefined fashion as we know it today. She was a clothing designer who revolutionized the fashion industry with her suits, little black dresses, and avant garde flare. Because of this quickly in her young life she became well know , and rose to be the fashion icon that she is today. From the timeless designs that are still popular to this day, and the sophisticated outfits that can be pairedRead MoreJean Patou and Coco Chanel701 Words   |  3 PagesThe 1920s was a period of change and reform in many things ranging from entertainment, consumerism, and fashion. Fashion, one of the greatest changes in the 1920s was influenced by designers such as Coco Chanel, Jean Patou, Clara Bow, also known as the â€Å"It Girl† all influenced fashion for both women and men in the 20s. Previously, women had to behave polite and modestly and had to wear long dresses down to the ankles. But some women started to go past those social boundaries that were set by societyRead MoreGabrielle Bonheur Coco Chanel637 Words   |  2 PagesGabrielle Bonheur â€Å"Coco† Chanel is one of the greatest fashion inventors of all time. In her early life as a child, she was put in an orphanage by her father after her motherâ€℠¢s death. Her father worked as a peddler and didn’t make enough money to take care of her. He barely made enough money to keep himself alive. The nuns of her orphanage taught her how to sew which became a vital know-how for her career later on. To earn money to live on her own, she started a singing career at local clubs in VichyRead MoreInformative Outline About Coco Chanel Essay1033 Words   |  5 PagesCommunication Topic: Coco Chanel General Purpose: To Inform Specific Purpose: By the end of my speech the audience will know better about Coco Chanel. Thesis: Coco Chanel brought the world of high fashion to the masses. Introduction I. Does anyone know what this logo is? A. I am assuming most of women in this room know what this is. B. This is Chanel logo, one of the most famous fashion brand in the world. C. A lot of women know Chanel and they are fascinated of Chanel products, butRead MorePassion Grew into a Worldwide Brand for Coco Chanel623 Words   |  3 PagesCoco Chanel once said, â€Å"Jump out the window if you are the object of passion. Flee it if you feel it. Passion goes, boredom remains.† The creator of classic â€Å"Chanel No. 5† perfume, started off with a small passion of making clothes. This passion grew into a worldwide known brand. Passions are like a little spark and as you keep on working, the spark turns into a flame, which is your path to success, and from a flame a roaring fire is created; the roaring fire that impacts the world. I have a passionRead MoreEssay on The Elegant Life of a Legend: Mademoiselle Coco Chanel2035 Words   |  9 PagesGabrielle Bonheur Chanel was born August 19, 1883 to Albert Chanel and Jeanne Devolle, a stallholder and a laundrywoman at the time of her birth. Gabrielle was the second daughter born to the Chanelâ€℠¢s. She had five siblings, her two sisters Julie and Antoinette, and her 3 brothers Alphonse, Lucien, and Augustin. Chanel rarely talked about the circumstances of her birth, but she did occasionally mention a train journey that her mother had undertaken just before, in search of the elusive Albert.

Tatua Financial Analysis The Dairy Cooperative

Question: Describe about the Tatua Financial Analysis for The Dairy Cooperative. Answer: Introduction Tatua is an independent entity based out of New Zealand and calls for experience of more than 100 years in the field of dairy-cooperative. In the era when most of the companies in the industry has gone for amalgamation, the company has been able to stay independent. This is the prime reason why company has been able to create a strong identity and brand in the industry. The companys factories are located in Tatuanui in the part of North Island. As required to evaluate the investment attractiveness of the company, we will conduct a detailed financial analysis of the company based on the last 3 year financials. We will use both horizontal and vertical analysis to make inferences. To establish critical industry approach we will also conduct a detailed ratio analysis and compare it with industry peer data (Lakshmi, 2016). This will provide us clear cut understanding of financials and coupled with some qualitative factors, we will try to conclude the investment attractiveness of Tatua. Findings Analysis In this section we will explore the findings of ratio and financial analysis of the company. The three parameters under which we will evaluate the company are profitability, financial stability including short term and long term financial stability Asset utilization. Let us now have a look at each one of these parameters in details to evaluate the financial status of the company. Profitability The objective of this section is to evaluate the profitability of the company based on certain parameters. Each of these parameters will throw in some information or the other. a) Net Profit % This is calculated by dividing the net profit of the company vis--vis the total sales. This is indicative of the net margins with which the company is operating. 2015 2014 2013 Net Profit % 6% 3% 2% As we can see from the above table the net margin of the company has expanded in last three years. This is a good indicator for the company, as its net margin has increased from 2% in 2013 to 6% in 2015. b) Gross Profit % This is calculated by dividing the gross profit of the company vis--vis the total sales. This is indicative of the gross margins with which the company is operating (Damodaran, 2016). We have done it for the company as a whole and also for the segment in which the company operates. In this case the segments or the products which the company operates are Whipped Cream Cheese Sauce. 2015 2014 2013 Gross Profit % Overall 43% 38% 37% Whipped Cream 50% 43% 40% Cheese Sauce 15% 26% 30% The overall gross profit % of the company has improved from 37% in 2013 to 43% in 2015. However when we see the segment wise gross margin, we can see that the gross margin for Whipped cream product has increased from 40% in 2013 to 50% in 2015, however the gross margin for the Cheese Sauce segment has declined sharply from 30% in 2013 to 15% in 2015. It can be seen that gross margin of the company are pulled down by Cheese Sauce segment of the company. This is a cause of worry and a potential red flag on the investment attractiveness of the company. c) Return on Assets This is calculated by dividing the Net operating profit after tax of the company vis--vis the total assets which the company holds. 2015 2014 2013 Return on Assets 15% 6% 5% Return on Assets of the company has steadily improved from 5% in 2013 to 15% in 2015. The increase has been sharp from 6% in 2014 to 15% in 2015. This is a potential green flag on the investment attractiveness of the company. d) Return on Owners equity This is calculated by dividing the Net operating profit after tax of the company vis--vis the owners equity (Shareholders Fund + Retained Earnings) which the company reports in its balance sheet. 2015 2014 2013 Return on owner's equity 27% 13% 12% Return on owners equity of the company has steadily improved from 12% in 2013 to 27% in 2015. The increase has been sharp from 13% in 2014 to 27% in 2015. This is a potential green flag on the investment attractiveness of the company. e) Increase in net operating profit This is calculated based on simple increase that one notes in Net operating profit after tax figure of the company year over year. 2015 2014 Increase in Net Operating Profit 143% 38% As we can see from the table above, net operating profit after tax has increased by 38% in 2014 and in 2015 it has increased by 143%. This is a huge jump year on year and augments good news for the company. f) Change in total sales, whipped cream sales and cheese sauce sales This is calculated based on simple increase that one notes in total sales figure of the company year over year. We have done it for the company as a whole and also for the segment in which the company operates. In this case the segments or the products which the company operates are Whipped Cream Cheese Sauce. 2015 2014 Change in Sales Overall 2% 2% Whipped Cream 12% 5% Cheese Sauce -33% -6% The overall total sales of the company has increased by 2% in 2014 and 2% in 2015 in comparison to the previous period. The increase in sales has been driven by the Whipped cream segment which has seen sales jump of 12% in 2015 and 5% in 2014. However on the other segment, i.e. Cheese Sauce sales have been constantly declining over the last two years. The trend becomes alarming as drop in sales in 2015 has been as high as 33%. This is a cause of worry and a potential red flag on the investment attractiveness of the company. g) Selling Distribution expenses % This is calculated by dividing the total Selling Distribution expenses with the total operating expenses. 2015 2014 2013 Selling and Distribution expenses as a % total operating expenses 70% 66% 67% Selling and Distribution expenses as a % Total Sales 24% 23% 23% There has been increase in Selling Distribution expenses as percentage of total operating expenses (Damodaran, 2016). This might be one of the reason due to which increase in sales are happening, however to be cautioned this can also be one of the calls taken by management to increase the sales in Cheese Sauce segment. Higher Selling Distribution expenses has been mainly driven by higher sales commission given by the company in 2015. h) Administration General expenses % This is calculated by dividing the total Administration General expenses with the total operating expenses. 2015 2014 2013 Administration General expenses as a % total operating expenses 25% 25% 23% Administration General expenses as a % Total Sales 8% 8% 8% There has been increase in Administration General expenses as percentage of total operating expenses. If seen in details it has been the office expenses which has been the prime reason on why the Administration General expenses for the company has increased. i) Financial Expenses % This is calculated by dividing the total financial expenses with the total operating expenses. 2015 2014 2013 Financial expenses as % total operating expenses 5% 9% 10% Financial expenses as % Total Sales 2% 3% 3% Financial expenses as part of total operating expenses has reduced to 5% in 2015 from the high of 10% in 2013. This improvement has been due to lower expenses booked under bad debt and lower borrowing cost for the company. If seen in conjunction with the loan taken by the company from Bank of New Zealand, it can be seen that the total liability in this case has sharply declined in 2015. Financial stability including short term and long term financial stability The objective of this section is to evaluate the financial stability of the company based on certain parameters. Each of these parameters will throw in some information or the other. a) Working Capital Ratio This ratio is calculated based on dividing the total current assets with the total current liabilities. It indicates the working capital management efficiency of the company and higher is considered to be better. 2015 2014 2013 Working Capital Ratio 1.95 1.92 1.50 As indicated by the data the company has been efficiently managing it working capital. The ratio has steadily improved from 1.50 in 2013 to 1.95 in 2015. a) Liquidity Ratio A better judge on liquidity availability than working capital ratio is the quick ratio which is also known as liquidity ratio. It is calculated as (Current Asset-Inventories)/Current Liabilities. 2015 2014 2013 Liquidity Ratio 1.36 1.45 1.13 The liquidity ratio of the company has declined from 2013 to 2015. This is because of the higher inventory that the company has been holding in the year 2015. c) Age of trade Creditors Age of trade creditors is a measurement of how long does the company takes to pay of its invoices to the creditors. The longer the company has been able to pay its creditors, the longer the company will have cash in its hand and hence better for the company. 2015 2014 2013 Age of Trade Creditors 63 86 105 Over the years this ratio has declined fast for Tatua Company. This is bad as now it has been paying back suppliers cash faster and hence it is more dependent on its own cash to run the business. d) Equity Ratio Equity ratio is indicative of how much the equity is part of the total capital that is used in the business. 2015 2014 2013 Equity Ratio 87% 79% 74% The equity ratio of the company has improved to 87% in 2015 compared to low of 74% in 2013. This is because of the fact that Tatua Company has been able to pay a good portion of its long term debt in 2015. e) Interest Coverage Ratio This ratio determines the capability of the company in paying back its due interest. Higher the value better it is indicative of the companys financial stability. 2015 2014 2013 Interest Coverage 20.57 4.94 3.12 As company has paid back huge amount of its debt in 2015, the interest cost has reduced and this is one of the prime reason why its interest coverage ratio has drastically improved to 20.57 in 2015 compared to 3.12 in 2013. Asset utilization The objective of this section is to evaluate the asset utilization of the company based on certain parameters. Each of these parameters will throw in some information or the other. a) Stock Turnover Ratio This is indicative of how well company has been able to churn or rotate its inventory. The low ratio is indicative of weakness in sales and larger holding period of inventory 2015 2014 2013 Stock Turnover 13.0 15.5 16.7 As we can see that the ratio has declined to 13 in 2015 from 33.3 in 2013. This is indicative of the fact that company has seen rise in holding of inventory which is not good for the company. b) Age of Debtors This is indicative of how fast the company has been able to convert the invoices it raises against the debtors into cash. The lower it is better it is for the organization. 2015 2014 2013 Age of debtors 39.6 51.7 54.8 The figures indicate improvement for the company in 2015 as ratio has lowered to 39.6 compared to 54.8 in 2013. If seen in conjunction with the Age of creditors, which we have already seen above, it can be said that it is an industry trend and company has still maintained a good enough cash cycle. c) Total Asset Turnover Ratio This is a proper utilization ratio which indicates how company has utilized its total asset. The higher the ratio better it is for the company and is indicative of good utilization. 2015 2014 2013 Total Asset Turnover Ratio 2.5 2.5 2.7 c) Current Asset Turnover Ratio This is a proper utilization ratio which indicates how company has utilized its current asset. The higher the ratio better it is for the company and is indicative of good utilization. 2015 2014 2013 Current Asset Turnover Ratio 3.5 3.5 4.1 Peer Analysis Industry Tatua 2015 2014 2013 2015 2014 2013 Net profit % 6.50% 5% 4% 6% 3% 2% Stock Turnover 11 times 13 times 11 times 12 times 16 times 16 times Age of Trade Creditors 30 days 32 days 36 days 63 days 86 days 105 days Age of Debtors 33 days 40 days 45 days 40 days 52 days 55 days Selling distribution expenses % 17% 18% 18% 24% 23% 23% Admin and general expenses % 7% 6% 7% 8% 8% 8% Equity % 50% 45% 40% 87% 79% 74% The peer table and its comparison is indicative of a broader trend of where Tatua is going. The company has not been able to increase its stock turnover, inventory holding period is increasing. The company is paying of its creditors faster, but still better than the industry average. However the debtor period is on higher side compared to peers, which is not a good signal for the company. The selling distribution expenses are high for the company and is not a good signal for the company. Conclusion Tatua is a very good company and most of the financials are in place but when one digs deep, it is clear that company is facing headwinds in certain sections which need orderly correction and urgent attention. The sales of Cheese sauce segment has been constantly falling and the margins of the company is also pulled down sharply by this segment. Operationally as around peers company has not been able to manage its cash cycle as efficiently as peers. There is a need to decrease debtors day sharply and increase rollover of the inventory. Company has been spending high on marketing and sales and even after that sales have not increased substantially. Tatua is a good company and among many green signals of its investor attractiveness, one can find some red flags too. The call on purchasing of the company should be a function of how an investor intend to turn around Cheese Sauce Segment. References Lakshmi, T. M., Martin, A., Venkatesan, V. P. (2016). A Genetic Bankrupt Ratio Analysis Tool Using a Genetic Algorithm to Identify Influencing Financial Ratios.IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation,20(1), 38-51. Damodaran, A. (2016).Damodaran on valuation: security analysis for investment and corporate finance(Vol. 324). John Wiley Sons. Lau, C. (2016). Financial Management. Khan, M. N., Khokhar, I. (2015). THE EFFECT OF SELECTED FINANCIAL RATIOS ON PROFITABILITY: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF LISTED FIRMS OF CEMENT SECTOR IN SAUDI ARABIA.Quarterly Journal of Econometrics Research,1(1), 1-12. Robinson, T. R., Henry, E., Pirie, W. L., Broihahn, M. A. (2015).International financial statement analysis. John Wiley Sons. Hoberg, G., Maksimovic, V. (2015). Redefining financial constraints: a text-based analysis.Review of Financial Studies,28(5), 1312-1352.

Literature Review on Instructional Design-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Write a Literature Review on Instructional Design Models. Answer: Introduction Instructional design model helps to understand the abstract learning procedures and empower the real world application. These are used for the learning experiences and in case of complex design problems these procedures are used in different principles and patterns (Tess 2013). Models provide different structure and all these structures perfectly execute the entire possible effective manner to develop the instrumental design. In case of e-learning process, these are the relevant process to build the level of performance for students. Literature Review In this paper, a systematic approach for using these instructional design models have been discussed and also a thoughtful approach has been highlighted to show comparing and contrasting idea of the models within the paper. Understanding of Gagnes Model Robert Gagne is the foremost contributor of this kind of systematic approaches and instructional design and training process. As mentioned by Gagne et al. (2005) the main attention is the change in behavior and that focus on the outcomes. There are nine steps of learning and identifying the condition and these nine steps are called as the Events of Instruction. The first step is to engage the learner through gaining attention towards the lesson. Then inform the learner about the objectivity and then stimulate the prior learning process. If there is some good amount of learning experience can extract then it is quite useful for students also. Then the usefulness of content comes in concern and with the present stimulation of knowledge and guidance students know about the real learning curve (Gagne et al. 2005). Practice is another step that provides a good feedback for students. Some of the students are performing better if they practice a lot and that also reflected in their post-per formance access (Chai, Koh and Chin-Chung 2013). In case of retaining this knowledge and to access the mind of learning is presented in that model and that justifies the resources as well as also maintains the transfer of knowledge from experts or teachers to their students. Gagnes design of instructional design model clarifies the seeking of knowledge and provides good feedback at the end of result through different levels of practices. (See Appendix 1) Thoughtful research on Dick and Carey Model Walter Dick and Lou Carey stated about this instructional model in their book The Systematic Design of Instruction in 1978. The design is so relevant in this modern era that latest complex designs also consider the significance of this model. As explained by Dick, Carey and Carey (2005) the model is talking about the entire system and the focusing on the instruction that makes inter-relationship between contexts, learning skills and instructions. This systematic approach to model delivers the importance of performance and tries to convey the instruction analysis result for the students. Performance objectives are one of the purposes that evaluate the learning outcome and present students participation in the development of the assessment (Dick, Carey and Carey 2005). The entire model is considering as the description of behavior and all instructions are deliberately addressing on the better performances that test the thoughtful process of understanding and influence the better practi ce that provides better learner participation for conduct the model. The model also set their target audience as well, students who are poor in skills and do not have any prior knowledge about the performance can consider as the target people. The performance, objectivity, content presentation, development of the assessment and the sectional area that imposed under unidentified reason have to evolve and that brings better chances for students as well as for encouraging them to make the simple outcome of a complex situation. (See Appendix 2) Importance of Merrills Model The First Principles of Instruction is the effective learning process and problem-based involvement that David Merrill had stated in this part. The section is comprisedof programs, practices and variables and all these principles of design addressing to the variety of instructional programs and practices. As stated by Merrill (2002) the learning phase has segregated there in four phases like activation of prior experience, demonstration of skills, application of skills and integration of these skills in case of real-world activity. All the skills are important for students as the learning cycle based on the principles of the facilitated foundation of knowledge those outcomes in a strategic approach which demonstrate better chances for leaning system (Merrill 2002). Existing knowledge needs to be found the new knowledge programs and through the demonstration of learner better facilities can be gained by the students or learners. To make easy access to gain knowledge integrated learnin g procedures are important and focus on the problem-solving scenario. (See Appendix 3) Analysis of ADDIE Model ADDIE model is basically the acronym of five phase of development which isinterrelated. The five phases are Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. For providing effective training and instructional development this model is effective enough to justify the possible objectives of learning. Analysis of the identified problem is the basic goal of this segment. Identify the learning outcome and provide demographical presence during the phase is the most effective scenario for this model. As mentioned by Molenda (2003) the model also instructs the methods and activities that provide better results in development. In case of development use of audio, of the use of photography is the main aspect and that develop the better extension of learning during the course. In case of graphical representation, students love analysis the thing in aright way so this process of learning is the productive one for the students (Cook et al. 2013). Implementation of the learning tools and procedures are also important. Learning management team has to take care of that situation. There are some training facilities and instructors instruct their level best to analyze the process to students (Molenda 2003). The last step is all about the course completion process that means the evaluation of the student. There are two phases as well likely formative and summative. These phases identify the development process and evaluation that help instructional design and analytical phase. In case of learning interaction students used to know about some training and development, but as per their knowledge and dimension they develop the content and formulate better study arena for students. (See Appendix 4) Conclusion Therefore it can be concluded that all the training issues and development measures are applicable for students enhancement. All possible models are developing the level of understanding for students and showing the easy way of making programs and practices. Analysis Table of key characteristics Resources Key Aspects Gagne et al. 2005 Change in behavior and identify the prior learning process. There are nine steps of learning and identifying the condition and these nine steps are called as the Events of Instruction. All the events are addressing to the objectivities that help to get better progress for students. Dick, Carey and Carey 2005 The model focuses on the inter-relationship between content, contexts and also provides fare knowledge about the behavioral change. The model also set their target audience as well, students who are poor in skills and do not have any prior knowledge about the performance can consider as the target people. Merrill 2002 Program, practice, and variables are sectioning head of this and that showcases better opportunities for learning and providing belief for students. Existing knowledge needs to be found the new knowledge programs and through the demonstration of learner better facilities can be gained by the students or learners. Molenda 2003 Methods and activities like demographical presentation, picture and audio will represent the more chances of understanding for students. Identify the learning outcome and provide demographical presence during the phase is the most effective scenario for this model. References Chai, C.S., Koh, J.H.L. and Chin-Chung, T., 2013.A review of technological pedagogical content knowledge.Journal of Educational Technology Society,16(2). Cook, D.A., Hamstra, S.J., Brydges, R., Zendejas, B., Szostek, J.H., Wang, A.T., Erwin, P.J. and Hatala, R., 2013. Comparative effectiveness of instructional design features in simulation-based education: systematic review and meta-analysis.Medical teacher,35(1), pp.e867-e898. Dick, W., Carey, L. and Carey, J.O., 2005.The systematic design of instruction. Gagne, R.M., Wager, W.W., Golas, K.C., Keller, J.M. and Russell, J.D., 2005.Principles of instructional design.Performance Improvement,44(2), pp.44-46. Merrill, M.D., 2002. First principles of instruction.Educational technology research and development,50(3), pp.43-59. Molenda, M., 2003. In search of the elusive ADDIE model.Performance improvement,42(5), pp.34-37. Tess, P.A., 2013. The role of social media in higher education classes (real and virtual)A literature review.Computers in Human Behavior,29(5), pp.A60-A68.

War on Iraq Essay Example Essay Example

War on Iraq Essay Example Paper War on Iraq Essay Introduction Subsequent theorists have criticised the uses gratifications model as being ‘a relatively static model’ (Philo, 1990: 6) or as having fundamental defects: that of its ‘overestimation of the openness of the message’ and its ‘insufficiently sociological nature’ (from Morley, 1992: 52-3). Besides Morley’s direct reference to our overall question, criticism of the uses gratifications approach highlights the reluctance to assume the audience ‘knows’ when it is being affected by media, or that it can do anything about these effects. Permitting me to proceed in an anecdotal vein (as a tribute to popular culture theorists such as Hoggart), the choices we make to socialise and ‘gratify’ ourselves are unquestionably affected by the sheer exposure to television. Very recent events in the ‘Second Gulf War’ have received unparalleled media coverage, provoking an overwhelming desensitization argument from the pu blic. The fact that the media itself is the only information service noticing this disgruntled air is beside the point; public attitude to ‘using’ or ‘gratifying’ themselves through television is reflected in hard statistics. In a parallel of the ‘War on Iraq’ coverage, Nicholas Wapshott’s article in The Times noted how in the two months following September 11th 2001, people switched off the television so cinema audiences were the highest since the 1940s, and that video rentals rose 400%. ‘Escapism’ is a loosely-applied term in mass media theory, but observations such as Wapshott’s are difficult to ignore when evaluating to what extent the public do have personal choice and motivation. Halloran described this as:‘We must get away from the habit of thinking in terms of what the media do to people, and substitute it for what people do with the media’(Halloran, 1970; cited in Morley, 1992: 51) War on Iraq Essay Body Paragraphs Retuning to Srinati’s analysis of the distinction between the ‘effects’ and ‘uses gratifications’ approaches, we can see how recent research contains undoubted elements of both models. For instance, he cites a five year British Film Institute research paper that ‘revealed that viewers still feel guilty about watching too much television’ (equating to the ‘effects’ approach); while also finding that ‘T.V. helped people to relax and interact’ (equating to the ‘uses gratifications’ approach) (Srinati, 2000: 174). Further to this realisation of a dampening of interest in approaches to understanding television through sociological means, there have been alternative explanations as to the effect of television, unsurprisingly chiefly following criticism of other paradigms. Philo (1990) says how the uses gratifications perspective offers a relatively static model, then cites Tracey’s (1986; cited i n Philo, 1990) and Cumberbach’s (1986; ibid.) theories that extend the mental model of television. Both theorists followed the general theme that ‘bias lies in the eye of the beholder’, which Philo further criticises:‘We can accept that what people understand and believe is not simply a result of what they are told by the media. But there are problems. where do frameworks of belief come from? How do they develop over time? In other words, by questioning the effects of television, and the way we treat the function of its influence, we open the sociological discipline up to huge philosophical debates about the individual and the existence of the Lockian tabula rasa. Hence, at this point it is courtesy to return out sociological essay back to specific examples of the study of television in society. One British proponent, Nicholas Abercrombie, focuses on the sheer importance of television:‘Our everyday lives are so interwoven with the media that we are sc arcely aware of them. Indeed, television is central to modern society altogether’(Abercrombie, 1996: 2) This is not to say that just because so many theorists attach great significance to television, there should be a specific domain aside for it, but in traditional sociological method, contentment has been the enemy of invention. In employing such rhetoric, we can see how Durkheimian sociological method has advanced dramatically. It would be foolish to disregard something that Allen (1992; cited in Abercrombie, 1996), says that 3.5 billion hours are devoted to every day. Nevertheless, sociological method is not the only way analysts have studied television. A figurative signpost to this can be seen in Goodwin (1990; cited in Abercrombie, 1996), who notes that many authorities, even those within television organizations; appear to believe that visual material is inherently inferior to print. A look back at Fiske’s work hints at the literary textual approach employed. F or instance, authors such as McQuail have looked at how audience research has swayed uneasily between television as mass consumption or mass communication. McQuail et al (1972) classified under four headings the relationship of media content to audience use:1) Diversion2) Personal relationships3) Personal identity4) Surveillance(McQuail, 1972: 47) According to Fiske, this was a reaction to an overemphasis on that loose term of ‘escapism’ as the primary function of television, when the over-riding importance of communication was being largely ignored. In this vein, he shifts toward linguistics and the semiotic approach, so ‘the image on the screen would hardly be able to make itself understood at all were it unable to rely upon the resources of everyday verbal language’ (Fiske, 1978: 83). It seems clear that studying television as an extension of literary linguistics maps well onto early cultural works like Hoggart’s ‘The uses of literacyâ€℠¢, (1957) and Hall Whannel’s ‘The popular arts’ (1964), yet contemporary theory is not content with a skimmed analysis of this. The intervention of politics into television, as well as into media forms, gives us a substantive case for a sociology of television. The linguist Jakobsen (1958; cited in Fiske, 1978: 83), makes reference to the ‘poetic function’ of communication through slogans on television, such as in Eisenhower’s 1953 presidential campaign [‘I like Ike’]. British contemporary politics it seems is no different, Abercrombie (1996) comments how in the 1994 Labour Party debate over its next leader, Robin Cook was ruled out ‘because he would not look good on television’ (Abercrombie, 1996: 3). A further case for the importance of television as a party politics weapon can be seen in the discussions of children’s television. Buckingham, Davies, Jones Kelley discuss how children are caught between two w orlds of leisure and school (1999: 176). Television, no matter how it is sold or consumed, ultimately has the goal to keep its audience, chiefly through entertainment. The educational value of the programme, which may or may not be as high in the producers’ minds, must come at an unequal price. Television is increasingly linked to film and computer games where children are concerned, so the mass consumption paradigm swings back to be dominant, as children can be seen to have ‘less choice’ over influence (ibid.). Indeed, the overriding criticism from a view of children’s television as being somehow more important to monitor (e.g. the 1995 Melbourne World Summit on Children’s Television’s drawing up of a Children’s Television Charter) is from the of such an assumption. The fact that it would be scarcely possible to conduct research comparing television’s influence between viewers and non-viewers must not mean that moral obligation should make way for an indifferent shrug. Issues of control, censorship and regulation should not be arbitrarily trawled through at this point, but it is vital to remember the sentiments of writers like Postman. He argues that television has trivialized the public’s interest in all things public: politics, education and the consumption of morals (Postman, 1986). Before this essay doubles-back on its arguments from the previously-discussed ‘effects’ paradigm, we should consider the relative futility of a 1986 book compared with Packard’s 1957 ‘antihumanistic’ message about television. Not that an admitted futility in some way validates arguments that television has irreversibly harmed the civilized human world. More that we cannot truly know the effects that any media form has on out world without comparison with a [non-existent], untouched populous. Turning back to the established literature on stages of interpretation of television’s function, we should consider the potential of television to typify the social spirit of postmodernism. Srinati gives us these thoughts:‘A postmodern society is one in which it becomes increasingly difficult to distingish between the sense of reality which exists inside and the sense of reality produced by the mass media’(Srinati, 2000: 231) The old adage of ‘life imitating art’ takes on a new meaning here, and presumptions as to whether television is ‘art’ or ‘life’ in this case needs contemplation. A good example of postmodern study is that of gender representation. For instance, Meehan (1983; cited in Barker, 1999) identified ten stereotypes of women in U.S. television (from the ‘imp’ to the ‘courtesan’ and ‘’). Anecdotal evidence from the many extensive studies of soap operas undertaken by sociologists of mass media undoubtedly shows that we frequently equate such ‘real charactersâ₠¬â„¢ inexplicably with the actor that plays them, or with character ‘types’ from out own lives. This is not to say that soaps epitomise postmodernism, but that in its fragmented yet established self-parodying basis, contemporary television cannot help but conform to stereotype-based reality-blurring prescriptions. This essay has hopefully illustrated the wealth of literature that is already established in the field of cultural and mass media studies on television. Our answer as to whether or not a true ‘sociology’ exists was never really an issue, as conscious efforts to decide if sociological discipline should be employed only incite dithering around the subject. The deeper question implied her is ‘if so. how can it be studied?’ While a simple answer is not given here, a glance over the ideas of the old ‘effects’ and ‘uses gratifications’ approaches leads us to the conclusion that a unified paradigm of study is appli cable in this case. A look at the psychological research into ‘flashbulb memories’ will provide a fitting dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½nouement to this discussion. Atkinson et al (1993) describe how the image domination so topical for this of War coverage on television leads us not to ask ‘where were you when. [JFK was shot, the statue of Saddam in Baghdad was torn down]’, but more accurately ‘which television screen were you watching when. happened?’ Denying that a sociology of television exists would be a folly, considering the evidence of such a social importance of the media form. We will write a custom essay sample on War on Iraq Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on War on Iraq Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on War on Iraq Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Usage Essays - Cannabis In The United States

Marijuana History / Usage Essays - Cannabis In The United States Marijuana History / Usage Ben Holicky Marijuana is a drug that has been used for thousands of years. Marijuana was used in ancient China, as far back as 5000 B.C. The Incans and Mayans used marijuana in religious ceremonies. Marijuana also has roots in this country. The Indians of the plains used marijuana in their peace pipes as a sign of friendship and peace. After prohibition there was a sharp rise in the use of this drug in America, but after prohibition was repealed the use went down. In the 1920s and 30s the use of marijuana was primarily by the minorities. In the 1930s it was common belief that minorities where inhumane and violent, and people believed that marijuana was part of the cause. Then in 1937 marijuana was declared illegal. This was done with no research. It was just assumed that marijuana caused psychological dependence, provoked violent crimes, and led to insanity. People were told that marijuana would make people want to take a gun, knife, or weapon and kill someone. Prohibition on marijuana was estab lished due to a misunderstanding. Prohibition has not achieved its goal, and goes against an American philosophical approach. I believe it is time to look at the facts and benefits, and to reconsider marijuana prohibition. Marijuana has a positive effect on patients with certain diseases. AIDS victims are sometimes prescribed marijuana to help increase their appetite. Victims of AIDS do not want to eat and thus they do not get the nutrients they need. Marijuana helps them to eat, and thus enabling them to get the nutrients they need. Marijuana also helps to increase the appetite in cancer patients. People who get glaucomas also use marijuana. It helps to ease the pain for many glaucoma patients. Marijuana is very helpful to these people. This is just one example of why marijuana prohibition should be reconsidered. When comparing tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana, there is evidence that marijuana has the least addictive power. During the Nixon administration, the government concluded that marijuana did not posses any physically addictive traits. The University of California did a study on the power of heroin, cocaine, nicotine, alcohol, caffeine, and marijuana in terms of power to induce psychological dependence. Nicotine was first, marijuana last. Marijuana was deemed least likely to produce signs of withdrawal upon quitting, and last in terms of producing a physical tolerance to the drug. Marijuana is less addictive than two legal drugs in this country. This does not make sense, and so prohibition should be reconsidered. The United States government spends too much money each year on prohibition of marijuana. The DEA spends 1.3 billion fighting marijuana, and that does not include the cost of prison management and construction. Overall, the government has spent 30 billion of the taxpayers money. Of felons convicted of crimes related to marijuana possession, production and trafficking through 1980-1992, 58% had no prior arrest history, 91% were not identified as organizers, leaders, managers or supervisors of drug-oriented organizations, and 92% did not own or posses a gun. In other words, the government is spending millions of dollars putting non-violent otherwise law-abiding citizens in jail and making the taxpayers pay the bill. The amount of money spent on war on marijuana is unreasonable. This is not worth it, and is another reason why prohibition of marijuana should be reconsidered. The original motivation for marijuana prohibition was based on a lack of knowledge, and should be reconsidered. Even after research showing the drug to be much better than originally thought, people will not change their view on the matter. And so billions of dollars will continually be spent on persecution and enforcement, while is does not change anything. The patterns do not change and the use does not decline, and the government will not change their view on the subject. The prohibition on marijuana is costly, does not work, and should be reconsidered. It is time that we see and end to the prohibition of marijuana. Bibliography Science Book

Renewable Energy Master Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Renewable Energy Master - Essay Example These are countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom amongst other developed countries. (Ruddiman 2005) The focus mainly has shifted to these countries due to their great contribution to carbon gases originating from their vast industries. Many countries have been responsive whereas others have remained adamant on their earlier stands and carbon pollution has remained as high as was first recorded. The case is however different with the United Kingdom which has established policies to oversee the reduction of carbon emissions from its industries. This campaign has not only been directed at the large scale producers but has also formed a mechanism whereby environmental consciousness is instilled to the very last individual in the consumption line. One way of making this ambitious plan work is tax cuts for those who have enacted measures of cutting down the measures; this is mainly seen in the commercial producers who receive these cuts based on the level of pollution cut. The other is compensation for use of alternative fuel besides fossil; which has been associated with high pollution levels over time. ... This policy was drawn up during the Kyoto agreement where countries were expected to cut the overall carbon emission. This is aggregated and the responsive industries are awarded depending on the level of carbon cut. (Held 2003) Though this has a universal appeal, the UK is a beneficiary and to some extent, it has helped bring the carbon emission level to a reasonably manageable level. The UK government has gone that extra mile towards achieving a healthy environment and one way of doing this is by controlling what is emitted into its environment. Having realised that the link between economic and environment situation is thin and that an effect on one has a considerable effect on the other, the government sought to have a mechanism that tied these two factors together. (Edwards 2001) The most sound was a mechanism where individuals achieve an economic consideration for effort put in taking care of the environment. This said the analysts who composed of various specialists, government representatives and economists embarked on finding that particular bit of environment to be subject to this ambitious plan. It proved a daunting task considering the vast nature and the multiplicity of elements contained in the environment. Especially coming up with one element that greatly affects the environment to an extent that an effect on it would mean an overall effect on the e ntire scope of the general climatic conditions. After careful consideration, the individuals borrowed from the wider Germany consideration of a boost in the renewable energy industry. Renewable energy Solar energy This is natural energy gotten from the sun. To make